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Keratoconus Treatment Options

Friday, September 3rd, 2010

By Dr. Brandon Ayres, MD

Keratoconus causes progressive thinning and distortion of the cornea that affects approximately 1 in every 2000 people.  It tends to affect younger people sometimes starting in the early teen years and progresses most rapidly through the fourth decade.  As the dystrophy progresses the cornea takes on an irregular cone like shape and may develop scar tissue.  The changes in the cornea seen in keratoconus lead to “irregular astigmatism.”  Irregular astigmatism means that light is not able to focus on the retina even with the use of glasses or traditional soft contact lenses.

The primary treatment options fall into two categories:  contact lenses and surgery.  This article outlines both options.

Glasses and Contact Lenses

In the very early stages of keratoconus patients may notice a change in their prescription glasses or contact lenses.  Often times what is seen is an increase in astigmatism.  If the keratoconus progresses only minimally, all that will be needed is modification of the glasses prescription or possibly a soft contact lens that also corrects for astigmatism.

Keratoconus Contact Lenses

Once patients with keratoconus are dissatisfied with there vision with traditional glasses or soft contact lenses a special keratoconus contact lens may be necessary.  Most commonly this contact lens will be either a hybrid or rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses.  It is important to understand that contact lenses may allow excellent vision, but do not actually treat or stop the progression of the underlying dystrophy.

A rigid gas permeable contact lens is able hold it’s spherical shape vaulting over the irregular cone shape of the irregular cornea.  This gives a new smooth surface to refract light, restoring good vision.  The use of an RGP is an excellent, non surgical, technique to restore vision in keatoconus,  but the fitting of the lens can be quite challenging.  Each patient with keratoconus has a uniquely shaped cornea and the shape may change over time.  Many different designs of RGP’s are available for patients with keratoconus and patience is needed to get the right fit.  Most people with keratoconus are able to be successfully fit with RGP’s, however, some have persistent foreign body sensation or difficulty with the lenses falling out of the eye.

Hybrid contact lenses work on a similar principal as RGP’s.  This style of contact lens has a rigid gas permeable center that is fused to a soft contact lens “skirt” and therefore a hybrid of hard and soft contact lenses.  By fusing the two styles of contact lenses the visual benefit of a RGP is combined with the comfort of a soft lens.  As with the traditional RGP, these lenses must be specially fitted to ensure function, comfort, and safety.

Surgical Options

Collagen Crosslinking (CXL)

Collagen crosslinking is a technique that is currently under FDA trial here in the United States, but widely available outside the country.  Collagen crosslinking is a technique where vitamin B2 (also known as riboflavin) in liquid form is placed on the cornea.  The cornea is then exposed to ultravioled light (UV-A).  The combination of vitamin B2 and UV light increases the “linkages” in the corneal collagen.  This has been shown in laboratory studies to “stiffen” the cornea.  The goal of collagen crosslinking is to prevent progression of the keratoconus, not to reverse or cure it.

INTACS® Corneal Inserts

INTACS corneal inserts are small inserts that are placed in the cornea.  These inserts help “flatten” the central cone of the cornea in patients with keratoconus.  Once surgically implanted in the cornea the inserts are almost invisible and they cannot be felt.  INTACS have been shown to help with improvement in corrected and uncorrected vision.  INTACS can also be helpful in improving contact lens tolerance by reducing the conical shape of corneal in patients with keratoconus.  Recent studies have shown continued improvement in patients having INTACS placed over the course of 1 year and there is some suggestion that they may help stabilize the cornea.

Corneal Surgery

Approximately 20% of patients with keratoconus will have progression to the degree where corneal surgery is necessary.  The most common procedure performed is a full thickness corneal transplant also know as a penetrating keratoplasty (PKP).  In this surgery the diseased corneal is removed and replaced by a human donor cornea.  Luckly, transplantation of the cornea is the most successful of all organ transplants with a low rejection rate.  The vast majority of patients will achieve excellent vision after a transplant though it may take 12 to 18 months to achieve.  Many patients will still need the assistance glasses or contact lenses for optimal vision.

A second surgical option for keratoconus is a deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK).  This procedure is essentially the same as a corneal transplant except that the very thin innermost layer of the patient’s cornea, called the endothelium, is spared.  The surgery will look and heal very similar to a corneal transplant except that there is a lower chance for transplant rejection.  The surgery is technically much more challenging for the surgeon and sometime has to be converted into a full thickness transplant.

Most recently there has been an interest in using a laser to make the incisions for both corneal transplants and DALK surgical procedures.  The laser-guided incisions allow for an exact match of the patient and donor corneas.  The exact fit allows for a stronger wound and possibly faster healing with less residual astigmatism after the surgery.

Surgical Treatment Options for Keratoconus

Tuesday, July 27th, 2010

Medical and surgical options for the treatment of keratoconus are also expanding and improving. Corneal transplantation (penetrating keratoplasty or “PK”) has been utilized for the surgical management of keratoconus for many decades. The criteria for PK surgery typically is either the development of corneal scaring that reduces best corrected vision (even with contact lenses) or intolerance to contact lens wear (due to poor comfort or the inability to achieve a stable fit). Modification and improvement in surgical techniques has made PK much more successful. It should be noted however that keratoconus patients undergoing PK most often still require contact lenses to provide optimal vision. It is the exception to the rule to find patients who do not need some form of contact lens correction following PK, and even rarer to find a patient who does not need any type of vision correction after this surgery.



Intacs Corneal Segments

Click to enlarge



Intacs (by Addition Technology) is a relatively newer surgical method to address the corneal irregularity found in keratoconus. It involves the implantation of tiny plastic segments within the cornea. The result is to make the optical surface of the cornea relatively more regular, thus reducing the degree of vision distortion. This technology is only indicated for keratoconic corneas without scaring, yet have become contact lens intolerant. Results with Intacs have been encouraging, but once again are not a total solution for this disease. As with PK, patients who have had Intacs implanted most often still require contact lens correction for maximum vision. By making the corneal surface more regular contact lens fitting may be more successful following Intacs.

The newest development in the medical treatment for keratoconus is termed “Collagen Crosslinking with Riboflavin”. It involved the exposure of the cornea to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and ultraviolet light for a period of time. The result is a change in the crosslinking of collagen fibrils within the substance of the cornea. For some patients this treatment strengthens the cornea and therefore slows down or halts the progression of keratoconus. For some more fortunate patients this treatment may also improve corneal surface regularity. Numerous studies evaluating this so far non-FDA approved procedure are going on throughout the United States.

Keratoconus is a corneal disease that results in progressive visual distortion. Technologies in contact lens correction, medical treatment, and surgical options for keratoconus continue to improve. The primary treatment for the disease is with specialized contact lenses. Seeing an eye care professional who is skilled and experienced in the diagnosis and management of keratoconus provides the best opportunity to experience the best vision possible.

Article Written by: S. Barry Eiden, OD, FAAO

President and Medical Director of North Suburban Vision Consultants, Ltd.

Website: http://www.nsvc.com

EyeVis Eye and Vision Research Institute

Immediate Past Chair of the Contact Lens and Cornea Section of the American Optometric Association


« READ “Non-Surgical Treatment Options”

Common Questions about Contact Lenses and Keratoconus

Saturday, July 10th, 2010

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Please note: If you have an urgent question about your eye health, contact your eye care practitioner immediately. This page is designed to provide general information about vision, vision care and vision correction. It is not intended to provide medical advice. If you suspect that you have a vision problem or a condition that requires attention, consult with an eye care professional for advice on the treatment of your own specific condition and for your own particular needs.